Carbon Recycling
TEMJ 20362 - Climate Change, Carbon, CO2, O2, Photosynthesis, Global Greening, The Sugar Factory, Regression to the Normal
Greetings Fellow Earthmonks,
In this entry of The Earthmonk Journal, entitled ‘Carbon Recycling’, we will navigate the nuances of changes in temperature, oxygen (O2), carbon (C), carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), the consciousness in ‘things’ and global greening. So, join me as we uncover the hidden rhythms of our planet's climate and the profound impacts they have on life as we know it.
Climate change(s) refers to recurring patterns of variation in climate parameters such as temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure over time scales ranging from months to centuries to epochs. These oscillations can occur regionally or globally and are often driven by interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, land surfaces, and other components of the Earth system.
Is “climate change” a buzzword, an oxymoron or tautology?
• A buzzword is a term or phrase, such as “sustainability” or “big data” that becomes popular and trendy in a particular field or context, often due to its frequent use in discussions, marketing, or media.
• An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms, like "jumbo shrimp" or "deafening silence."
• While an oxymoron combines contradictory terms, a tautology repeats the same idea using different words. For example, "free gift" or "true fact" is a tautology.
The interactions between humanity, the cosmos, land masses, oceans and the atmosphere play a significant roles in climate change. For example:
• Changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), can influence climate variability over longer time scales. Increases in greenhouse gas concentrations due to human activities, such as fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, contribute to long-term climate trends and can exacerbate natural climate oscillations.
• The phenomena named the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) involve changes in sea surface temperatures and atmospheric pressure patterns in the tropical Pacific Ocean, leading to widespread climate impacts around the world.
• Large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO), can influence weather and climate variability in specific regions. These patterns involve shifts in atmospheric pressure systems and wind patterns that can affect temperature, precipitation, and storm tracks.
• Changes in solar radiation and solar activity can influence climate variability on various time scales. Solar cycles, which occur over approximately 11-year periods, can affect global temperatures and atmospheric circulation patterns, although the magnitude of these effects is relatively small compared to other factors.
• Changes in land surface characteristics, such as vegetation cover, land use, and surface albedo, can feedback on the climate system and contribute to climate oscillations. For example, deforestation can alter regional climate patterns by reducing evapotranspiration and modifying local temperature and precipitation regimes.
• Lastly, we should not to leave out cosmic events that are cataclysmic events such as asteroids impacting the earth.
The Sugar Factory
Photosynthesis is the biological process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into glucose (sugar, as some foresters refer to it) and oxygen (O2) using sunlight as an energy source. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and involves several biochemical reactions, including the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. During photosynthesis, carbon fixation is the process by which atmospheric CO2 is converted into organic carbon compounds, primarily glucose. Carbon dioxide serves as the primary source of carbon for photosynthesis. Plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere through small pores called stomata in their leaves and use it as a raw material for carbon fixation.
"We elves try to stick to the four main food groups: candy, candy canes, candy corns, and syrup!" - From the movie "Elf" (2003), Buddy the Elf and his affinity for sugary treats.
If I were to rewrite Buddy the Elf's quote, as if it was from an Earthmonk, it would read: “We earthmonks adhere to the four main organic compounds: oxygen, carbon, carbon dioxide, and water.“
How much photosynthesis can one square meter of soil support? The average rate of photosynthesis per square meter of soil can vary widely depending on factors such as plant species composition, environmental conditions, and nutrient availability, but it can range from several grams to tens of grams of carbon fixed per square meter per day. In natural ecosystems like grasslands or forests, one square meter of soil typically supports a significant amount of photosynthesis. This is because plants in these ecosystems have evolved to efficiently capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
How much organic carbon can one square meter of soil store? Typically organic carbon will be derived from decomposing plant material, roots, and soil microorganisms. The average carbon content of soil can vary widely depending on factors such as soil texture, depth, and land use history. In undisturbed natural ecosystems like forests or grasslands, the average carbon content of soil may range from several kilograms to tens of kilograms of carbon per square meter.
Deforestation and defoliation both have significant impacts on photosynthesis and carbon production, but their effects can vary depending on the specific circumstances.
• When an acre of forest is cleared (deforestation), all vegetation, including trees, is removed. This results in a significant loss of photosynthetic activity and sugar production because trees are highly efficient at capturing sunlight and converting it into sugar through photosynthesis. The loss of a forest canopy reduces the overall photosynthetic capacity of the area, leading to a substantial decrease in sugar production compared to a fully intact forest.
• Defoliation refers to the removal of leaves from plants, either through natural processes (e.g., insect herbivory) or human activities (e.g., agricultural practices). In the case of defoliation in a one-acre field, the impact on photosynthesis and sugar production depends on the extent of leaf loss and the resilience of the remaining vegetation. While defoliation reduces the immediate capacity for photosynthesis in the affected plants, the roots and stems may still be able to produce some sugar to sustain the plants until new leaves emerge. However, if defoliation is severe or prolonged, it can lead to significant stress and reduced overall productivity in the affected plants.
Comparatively, the loss of one acre of forest through deforestation typically has a greater cost to photosynthesis and sugar production compared to the loss of vegetation in a one-acre field due to defoliation. This is because forests generally have higher biomass and greater biodiversity, resulting in higher rates of photosynthesis and sugar production per unit area compared to agricultural fields. Additionally, forests play critical roles in regulating the global carbon cycle and climate, making their loss particularly impactful in terms of both ecological and economic consequences.
Carbon Recycling
During the Carboniferous period, which occurred approximately 358.9 million to 298.9 million years ago, there were no human beings on Earth. During the Carboniferous period, CO2 levels were significantly higher than they are today. Estimates suggest that CO2 concentrations during the Carboniferous period ranged from about 900 to 1,500 parts per million (ppm), which is several times higher than current levels. As of January 2022, the atmospheric CO2 level was around 415 parts per million (ppm). These higher levels of atmospheric CO2 were likely a result of extensive volcanic activity and the lack of efficient carbon recycling mechanisms compared to today's Earth. This elevated CO2 likely contributed to the warm climate and supported the growth of lush forests that characterized the Carboniferous period.
When Homo sapiens first appeared on Earth approximately 300,000 years ago, during the Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period, atmospheric CO2 levels were much lower than during the Carboniferous period. Based on these methods, scientists estimate that atmospheric CO2 levels during the early period of human existence ranged from about 180 to 280 parts per million (ppm). This range is comparable to pre-industrial levels, which were relatively stable for thousands of years before the onset of the Industrial Revolution. It's important to note that human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, have significantly increased atmospheric CO2 levels since the Industrial Revolution, leading to the current levels exceeding 415 ppm as stated above.
CO2 O2 Relationship
The relationship between oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels over the last 400 million years on Earth is complex and influenced by various geological, climatic, biological and anthropogenic factors. In the examples above we can see that CO2 levels were much higher on the planet before humans arrived. However, later when humans arrived, CO2 levels dramatically decreased. What else can we learn from this time period.
In general, there is an inverse relationship between atmospheric oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels over geological timescales. When CO2 levels are high, O2 levels tend to be lower, and vice versa. In simple terms, this is because processes such as photosynthesis, which produces oxygen, also remove CO2 from the atmosphere, and vice versa. Over the last 400 million years, there have been long-term trends in both oxygen and CO2 levels.
• During periods of high atmospheric CO2, such as the Carboniferous period, O2 levels were relatively low. Conversely, during periods of low CO2, such as the late Permian and early Triassic, O2 levels were relatively high. Changes in atmospheric CO2 levels can influence global climate, which in turn can affect oxygen levels through various feedback mechanisms.
• High CO2 levels can lead to warmer climates, which may increase rates of weathering and organic matter decomposition, releasing nutrients that stimulate plant growth and increase oxygen production through photosynthesis. Changes in atmospheric oxygen and CO2 levels can also influence the evolution and distribution of life on Earth.
• Higher O2 levels may have facilitated the evolution of large, oxygen-demanding organisms such as insects and vertebrates, while lower O2 levels may have constrained their size and diversity. If you are interested you can read more about a dragonfly the size of a small bird, in a previous entry, in The Earthmonk Journal entitled ‘The Perfect Predator’.
Carbon Interference
Carbon emissions, primarily in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2), result from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and other industrial processes. The interference of carbon emissions with ecosystems manifests in various ways. Excess CO2 absorbed by the oceans leads to a decrease in pH levels, making the water more acidic. This acidification can harm marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells like coral reefs and shellfish. Increased CO2 levels influence weather patterns, leading to more frequent and severe weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods. These changes disrupt ecosystems and threaten biodiversity. Rising temperatures and changing climate conditions force many species to migrate to more suitable habitats. This movement can disrupt established ecosystems and lead to competition for resources among different species. Carbon emissions contribute to global warming, leading to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers. This melting results in rising sea levels, threatening coastal habitats and communities.
Therefor when considering climate change(s), I prefer the more precise use of the words, such as ‘Carbon Recycling’.
Regression To The Normal
It's important to recognize the impact human activities are having on the planet and the urgency of addressing these disruptions to mitigate their consequences. Let’s start by stating I’m not a climate change(s) denier. Yes ‘we humans’ are disrupting the planet. We are creating larger and larger disturbances, at an alarming pace, on our planet.
Firstly we must note, despite our technological advancements, humans are not the only apex species nor the dominant force on the planet. Nature broadly operates on its own systems, timescales, cycles, and our actions often disrupt these delicate balances rather than assert dominance over them.
• Viewing every ‘thing’ as possessing spirit, and consciousness emphasizes the need for a deeper respect and reverence for nature. This shift in consciousness can lead to more sustainable and harmonious interactions with the natural world.
• Take this thought one step further, and recognize the intelligence inherent in all of the ‘things’ found in nature. These ‘things’ can inspire a profound shift in how we relate to and interact with the natural world around us.
• The Earth has its own intelligence and mechanisms to maintain balance and resilience, acting as a check on human actions that threaten it’s well-being. This point is often omitted from discussions on climate change.
• This change in perspective encourages humility and a recognition of our place within the broader fabric of life, reminding us that we are not separate from, nor above nature but deeply interconnected with it. It emphasizes the need for modesty and cooperation rather than exploitation and domination.
This change in perspective emphasizes a profound recognition of the inherent consciousness or intelligence within all aspects of existence, including the Earth itself. This viewpoint challenges the anthropocentric notion that humans are the dominant force and highlights the reciprocal relationship between humanity and the planet we call Earth. By acknowledging the presence of universal consciousness and intelligence within the Earth and all its inhabitants, we gain a deeper understanding of how the earth will fight back and deter any disruption to its balance.
We must embrace the Earth as a living, and sentient being. We should walk gently upon its surface with reverence and gratitude, acknowledging its nurturing embrace. We must respect Mother Earth’s power over us. Mother Earth is wise. As we gaze upward, we honor Father Sky, recognizing its vastness and intelligence, which remind us of the awe and wonder inherent in the cosmos. In the midst of our observations, we should pause to appreciate the sacredness of all ‘things’ – each a testament to the beauty and intricacy of life.
By slowing down and immersing ourselves in the natural world, we can attune our senses to the spirits of ‘things’ like trees, plants, animals, rocks, and other beings that surround us. So as you walk in the natural world, I invite you to consider the wisdom of our ancestors, knowing that their presence is everywhere and it enriches us by offering insights into ourselves and our place in the world.
Let me assure you that the intelligent and conscious earth will bring everything into balance. Regardless to how destructive humanity is to itself and the planet as a whole. The Earth will restore balance and harmony to nature. Some people, such as the Hopi Indians believe that the Earth has ‘course corrected’ humanity three times in history. The Hopi believe we are living in version 4.0 of a world we call planet earth.
Global Greening
Let me provide a simplified example of how the Earth will fight back. A positive effect of increased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is the phenomenon known as global greening. This refers to the increase in plant growth and foliage cover due to higher CO2 concentrations. While this may have benefits for agriculture and reforestation, it is essential to consider both the potential positive and negative consequences of global greening, including changes in ecosystems and biodiversity.
• Plants play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and storing it in biomass. Therefore, increased plant growth and foliage cover resulting from global greening can contribute to carbon sequestration, potentially offsetting a portion of CO2 emissions from human activities.
• Global greening may promote forestry and reforestation efforts by enhancing plant growth and increasing tree cover. Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it in tree biomass and soil organic matter. Therefore, promoting forest conservation and restoration can help mitigate CO2 emissions and combat climate change.
• Higher CO2 levels can enhance photosynthesis and stimulate plant growth, leading to increased agricultural productivity. This may have implications for food security and agricultural practices, potentially enabling more efficient food production systems with lower environmental footprints.
• Global greening may confer certain benefits to ecosystems, such as increased resilience to environmental stressors like drought and heat. However, the extent to which ecosystems can adapt to changing environmental conditions varies, and some ecosystems may experience negative impacts, such as shifts in species composition and biodiversity loss.
While global greening has a positive effect, it's crucial to understand the broader implications. Changes in ecosystems and biodiversity can occur, potentially leading to shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Additionally, global greening may not offset the negative impacts of climate change(s) entirely, such as extreme weather events and habitat loss. Therefore, while global greening may offer some benefits, it underscores the complexity of the interactions between human activities and the natural world.
Ecosystems Disturbances
The dynamics of vegetation growth and forest succession due to global greening involve a series of stages and processes that occur over time. After disturbances such as deforestation, the pioneer stage begins with the colonization of fast-growing, often sun-loving plant species. These species quickly establish themselves in the open areas created by the disturbance. As the pioneer species grow and reproduce, they gradually create conditions that favor the establishment of other plant species. Over time, a more diverse community of plants develops, including shrubs and small trees. This stage is known as secondary succession. Over many years, the composition of the plant community continues to change as more species colonize the area and compete for resources. Eventually, the ecosystem reaches a relatively stable state known as a climax community or old-growth forest. Old-growth forests typically consist of a diverse array of tree species, with multiple layers of vegetation and complex ecological interactions.
It's important to note that forest succession is not a linear process and can be influenced by disturbances, such as wildfires, hurricanes, or human activities, which can reset succession and create new opportunities for plant colonization and growth. Additionally, ongoing environmental changes, such as climate change and land use practices, can alter the trajectory of succession and influence the composition and structure of forest ecosystems.
Climate change(s) is altering the distribution of plant species as they migrate in response to shifting temperature and precipitation patterns. This can have complex effects on animals, as they may need to adapt to new habitats or face changes in food availability. In some cases, animals may be unable to keep pace with the rate of plant migration, leading to mismatches in timing or distribution between species.
The Tipping Point
Overall, while there is ongoing research into the relationships between CO2 and O2 levels and their impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity, identifying specific tipping points and thresholds remains an area of active investigation and debate within the scientific community. Continued research and monitoring of Earth's systems are essential for understanding and mitigating the potential consequences of changing atmospheric composition on global ecosystems and biodiversity.
Trails End
Thank you for getting this far down the trail and for discovering the unknown with me. As the trail concludes, the invitation to subscribe to The Earthmonk Journal resonates, extending an opportunity to further explore the marvels of the natural world here with me.
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Interdecadal climate oscillations refer to long-term fluctuations in climate patterns that occur over periods of decades, typically ranging from 10 to 30 years. These oscillations are driven by various factors such as ocean-atmosphere interactions, solar variability, and natural climate cycles. Examples include the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), among others. These oscillations can influence weather patterns, ocean temperatures, and precipitation over large geographic regions.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45159-5