Talkin' Trees
TEMJ 20338 - Woodland Managers, Dr. Tom Worthley, McLean Game Refuge, Winter Tree Identification, Tree Species Diversity, Bark Characteristics, Floodplain Ecology, Natural Phenomena
Greeting Fellow Earthmonks,
This journal entry is about what happens when a group of master woodland managers, from the James Goodwin Conservation Center, team up with a UCONN forestry professor on a cold January day. Elizabeth Merow, our program coordinator from Connecticut Forest and Park’s (CFPA) fondly calls this event, “Talkin’ Trees”. However, this event was advertised as “Winter Tree Identification”. Moreover this journal entry is for anyone who wants to learn more about the trees of the Northeastern US and specifically Connecticut.
Dr. Tom Worthley, an esteemed figure at UCONN's Department of Natural Resources & the Environment, is an Extension Educator on Forest Sustainability. His profound knowledge and passion for forestry contribute significantly to the understanding and sustainable management of our precious woodlands. Dr. Worthley teaches courses in Forest Management, Dendrology, and Exurban Silviculture and was leading our group of master woodland managers.
Our first attempt to get together, in mid January, was cancelled due to the frigid temperatures (mid-teens with biting winds). The joy of exploring and learning about trees is undoubtedly diminished when the biting cold numbs your face and extremities. Therefore it was essential to create a comfortable and safe environment, so we rescheduled for the last weekend in January 2024. The weather could not have been any better, when we met the temperature was in the high 30F to lower 40F, with hardily no wind. Balmy cold, but not brrrrr cold!
All the complicated details of the attiring and the disattiring are completed! A liquid moon moves gently among the long branches. Thus having prepared their buds against a sure winter the wise trees stand sleeping in the cold. "Winter Trees" by Robert Frost
Commencement
The day commenced with all of us gathering in the parking lot of the McLean Game Refuge in East Granby, CT. Dr. Tom Worthley ( aka Dr. Tom) asked each of us to think about our goals for the day, as we walked over a footbridge to the staging area on the other side of the West Branch Salmon Brook.
Once we reassembled, individual members shared their goals for our Winter Tree ID event, such as “differences between Red and White Oaks” and ‘how to identify different types of birch trees in the landscape”. When it was my turn, I stated a goal of “identifying 50 different species of trees”. Dr. Worthley smiled and chuckled when he heard my unrealistic goal. He offered realistic guidance, suggesting that 10-12 trees would be our goal for the day.
Dr. Tom opened the morning with a discussion on what is a ‘dichotomous key’. He stated, that it was a systematic, step-by-step guide that helps woodland managers, naturalists and others identify organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characteristics. In the context of tree identification, a dichotomous key might present pairs of statements about the tree's features, and users choose the statement that best matches the characteristics they observe in the tree. The process continues until the user arrives at the correct identification of the tree species. The example, Dr. Tom used was whether a branch has alternating or opposing branching-and-leaf patterns.
Dr. Tom explained the difference between deciduous and evergreen trees. Deciduous trees shed their leaves annually, while evergreens maintain their green foliage throughout the year. Surprisingly, Dr. Tom clarified that pine trees, typically considered evergreens, undergo a unique process. They possess needles from two different years, shedding the older needles in the fall and retaining only the youngest ones throughout the winter. This insight sheds light on the nuanced behavior of certain evergreen species, challenging the conventional understanding of their foliage retention.
Our plan for the remainder of the day was winter observations of trees to enrich our discussions, allowing us to closely examine tree specimens and talk about their adaptations. The barren winter branches, though void of leaves, held a silent beauty that resonated with me. Up next, our first tree species!
Hemlocks
Dr. Tom’s first stop was at a hemlock tree. Hemlock trees (Tsuga) are fascinating evergreens found in North America and Asia. Known for their graceful appearance and fragrant flat needles, they play a vital role in ecosystems. Interestingly, the Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is one of the longest-lived tree species here in the northeast, with some specimens exceeding 800 years. Hemlocks have a unique drooping top, and their dense branches provide excellent cover for various wildlife. Unfortunately, they face threats from the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid.
Dr. Tom also delved into the captivating realm of five-needle pines during our session. These evergreens or conifers have longer needles, in tufts or bundles of five. The needles are rounded as opposed to the flat needles of the hemlock. His insightful discussion mentioned various species, such as the iconic Eastern White Pine, Western White Pine, Limber Pine, Sugar Pine, and the famous Whitebark Pine found out west. Notably, he highlighted distinguishing features, growth patterns, and ecological roles unique to five needle pines. Through engaging narratives, Dr. Tom illuminated the significance of these five-needle pines, enriching our understanding of their diversity and ecological importance in the intricate ecosystem of Northeastern forests.
During our hemlock stop, Dr. Tom delved into the realm of spruce trees, providing insights into the distinctions among White, Black, and Red spruce varieties. He went the extra mile by offering specific locations across Connecticut where one could explore and observe these distinct spruce species in their natural habitats. This hands-on guidance added a practical dimension to our learning, encouraging us to venture out and witness firsthand the unique characteristics of White, Black, and Red spruce trees in different ecological settings across the state.
Sycamore
When leaves are absent during winter tree identification, the bark becomes a crucial identifier. For instance, take the Sycamore with its distinctive mottled bark resembling camouflage. This unique pattern sets it apart, showcasing the significance of bark examination. Dr. Tom Worthley recommends Michael Wojtech's book, "BARK: A Field Guide to Trees of the Northeast" as an invaluable resource for mastering this skill.
Understanding soil preferences is equally vital; as a Sycamore thriving in a floodplain exemplifies the interconnected relationship between a tree and it’s habitat. Winter tree identification, thus, becomes a nuanced exploration blending bark patterns, habitat awareness, branching patterns, bud morphology, leaf litter and insightful literature.
Sycamores exhibit a fascinating shedding process, clearing outer bark layers to prevent lenticel blockage. Lenticels, small pores in the bark, facilitate gas exchange. The bark resembles a jigsaw puzzle, with flaking scales revealing a smooth, white or greenish layer underneath. This distinctive pattern, resembling camouflage, is a result of alternating colors. Beyond aesthetics, this shedding mechanism ensures the health of the tree by maintaining effective transpiration through unobstructed lenticels.
Ash
Across the field and opposite the sycamore tree, stood a dead standing ash tree. Dr. Tom wielded his pocket knife, unveiling the secrets hidden beneath the dead bark. First, we explored the intricate galleries of the Emerald Ash borer, etched within the exposed inner surface of the bark. Woodpeckers, drawn by the ash borer infestation, further assaulted the bark.
Simultaneously, the Armillaria fungi, with its black lace-like pattern, testified to the ash tree's secondary stress factor. Armillaria, commonly known as honey mushroom, features rhizomorphs with a distinctive classical mycelial shape. These fungal structures, resembling spreading fans, play a crucial role in nutrient absorption and colonization of the inner bark of the ash tree. Notably, some species within the Armillaria genus are known for their bioluminescence, emitting a soft glow in low-light conditions, adding a fascinating aspect to their ecological presence.
This lethal combination of stressors culminated in the ash's demise. Lastly, Dr. Tom emphasized key ash tree identifiers, encompassing bark characteristics, branching patterns, and distinctive buds, essential tools for distinguishing this vulnerable species.
Sugar Maple
Next up in our expedition is the the sugar maple (Acer saccharum). It is a majestic deciduous tree, thrives in North America's hardwood forests. Flourishing in moist, rich, well-drained sites, it displays gray to brown finely cracked bark when young, presenting a somewhat warty appearance. Sugar maples provide habitat and food for various wildlife, including birds, squirrels, and deer. Humanity values it’s sap for the production of Maple Syrup. The seeds, twigs, and buds are all utilized by different species throughout the year. Sugar maples are known for their longevity, with some trees living well over 200 years. Their ability to withstand various environmental conditions contributes to their lasting presence in forests.
Dr. Tom emphasized the tree's opposing branching and leaf patterns during our exploration. Using hiking sticks, we reached up to inspect branches, bending them to eye level as Dr. Tom pointed out distinctive features for identification. Notably, in winter, the sugar maple's leaf buds adopt a common brown hue during dormancy, contributing to its unique characteristics that mark the changing seasons.
In the field, we observed several species of birch trees, providing an excellent opportunity to delve into the distinct features of each. This encounter allowed us to gain a better understanding of the unique characteristics that differentiate one birch species from one another.
Yellow Birch
Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), also known as gray birch or silver birch, thrives in cool, moist sites. Young specimens boast smooth bronze bark with horizontal lenticels, presenting a shiny, coppery facade. Maturing trees develop thicker bark, deepening in bronze hue, maintaining a textured appearance with horizontal fissures. In old age, the bark becomes rugged and silvery-gray, losing the initial coppery sheen. Dr. Tom noted alternating branching and leaf patterns. During winter, distinctive reddish-brown buds aid in identification, standing out against the bare branches.
Black Birch
Black birch (Betula lenta), also known as sweet birch or cherry birch, prefers moderate to dry sites, distinguishing it from the moisture-loving yellow birch. In its youth, black birch displays a smooth, reddish-brown bark that gradually darkens and develops horizontal lenticels as it matures. By maturity, the bark transforms into distinctive, elongated vertical fissures, forming a dark, almost black, furrowed appearance. In old age, the bark maintains its dark color, with deep furrows and rough texture. Dr. Tom highlighted the tree's alternating branching and leaf patterns, a key feature for identification. This versatile and aromatic birch species, prized for its sweet wintergreen aroma, adds diversity to woodland landscapes with its changing bark and habitat preferences.
Paper Birch
The Paper birch (Betula papyrifera), also known as white birch or canoe birch, is a versatile tree thriving in a range of habitats but displaying a dislike for shade. It's recognized for its peeling white bark, especially in younger specimens, creating a striking contrast in mixed woodlands. Distinguishing it from black and yellow birch, the Paper birch boasts chalky white bark with horizontal lenticels. As it ages, the bark transitions to a darker, rugged texture, maintaining its peeling tendency. Dr. Tom highlighted the alternating branching and leaf patterns, aiding identification. This iconic birch species, with its distinct bark transformations, holds cultural significance and contributes to the visual diversity of North American landscapes.
Descending down a steep trail after our discussion on the black birch tree, we reached the floodplain of the West Branch of the Salmon Brook. The journey unfolded into a serene exploration of the riparian landscape, providing an opportunity to observe the unique ecological features of the floodplain environment.
The Red Oaks
Red oaks, also known as gray oaks, were discussed by Dr. Tom, who emphasized distinctions from white oaks, such as red oaks have pointed lobes. These hardy trees, adaptable to various environments except for extremely wet sites, have alternating branch and leaf patterns. Red oak buds exhibit a reddish-brown hue in winter. Their bark undergoes noticeable transformations—smooth and gray in youth, maturing to develop rough texture and fissures. In old age, the bark becomes darker and deeply furrowed, resembling long trails akin to ski paths. This distinct characteristic adds to the charm of identifying red oaks within the diverse ecosystem of the forest.
The Other Oaks
The diversity within the Quercus genus, encompassing various oak species, is truly remarkable. Beyond the red oak, an array of notable members includes the Black oak, Pin oak, Scarlet oak, Post oak, Chestnut oak, Chinquapin oak, Bur oak, Swamp White oak, and White oak. This multitude of oaks contributes to the rich tapestry of North American forests, each species adapting to unique habitats and displaying distinct characteristics.
Dr. Tom's mention of hybridization underscores the complexity of oak taxonomy, as these trees readily interbreed, leading to numerous hybrid versions. Dr. Tom highlighted the challenge of identifying hybrid oaks due to their prolific interbreeding. This diversity not only challenges identification but also highlights the adaptability and evolutionary complexity of the oak family, making them integral components of diverse ecosystems.
Cottonwood
Also in the floodplain of the West Branch Salmon Brook, we came across a Cottonwood tree. Standing tall in the riparian zone, the Cottonwood added to the diverse ecosystem of the floodplain. With its distinctive heart-shaped leaves (found on the ground) and a habitat preference for moist areas, the Cottonwood contributed to the ecological richness of the riparian environment along the brook.
The winter buds of the Cottonwood tree are typically small, round, and pointed. They are covered with several scales that protect the developing leaves and flowers within. These buds are often reddish-brown in color and may have a resinous or sticky texture. The size and color of the winter buds can vary slightly depending on the specific species of Cottonwood, but generally, they are a distinguishing feature that aids in the identification of these trees during the dormant winter months. Another notable feature is the leaf stacks are flawed and not rounded.
Dr. Tom highlighted the Cottonwood's alternating branching and leaf patterns during our exploration of the floodplain along the West Branch Salmon Brook. Additionally, an interesting historical tidbit – fishermen have utilized thick blocks of Cottonwood bark as floats for their nets. This practical use of the tree's bark reflects the resourcefulness and adaptability of communities in making use of the natural materials available to them. Cottonwoods trees are closely related to willow trees.
Black Locust
Dr. Tom enlightened us on the black locust, originally native to Appalachia but now thriving in CT after being planted and naturalized. Known for thriving in disturbed areas, its bark boasts deep furrows, creating a distinctive pattern. The tree exhibits alternating branching and leaf patterns. Notably, its inner bark is toxic. While we could not examine the buds, they have been observed to have sharp spines and double spines, adding to the locust's unique features. As the black locust matures, the bark undergoes changes – from smooth and gray in youth to rough texture and fissures in maturity. In old age, the bark darkens and develops deep furrows, presenting a rugged and distinguished appearance.
The black locust stands as a resilient and adaptable presence in Connecticut's varied landscapes. The black locust's resistance to insects is a notable attribute that contributes to its value, especially for use in ground applications. The wood of black locust is naturally durable, displaying resistance to various pests and decay. This makes it highly suitable for ground contact, making it a preferred choice for posts, fencing, and other outdoor applications where durability is essential.
The inherent resilience of black locust wood against insects enhances its longevity, making it a practical and enduring option for construction. At Putnam Memorial State Park we are planning on using black locust to restore part of a historical log cabin outside the visitors center.
American Elm
Dr. Tom shed light on the American elm, also known as the White Elm or Soft Elm, extensively planted in Connecticut's urban areas, earning New Haven the nickname "Elm City." Flourishing in rich, moist regions like the riparian corridor of the West Branch Salmon River, this dead standing elm's distinctive bark drew our attention.
As the American elm ages, its bark undergoes transformations—less furrowed and mottled gray in youth, evolving to develop deep furrows, thicker scales in maturity. In old age, the bark darkens, creating a rugged and textured appearance forming diamond shaped patterns. The tree's branching and leaf pattern is alternating, contributing to its silhouette. Winter leaf buds are small, oval, and brown, adding to the tree's distinctive features throughout the seasons. Dr. Tom's pocket knife revealed a cross-section, showcasing alternating layers of light and dark, enhancing its unique visual appeal. Dr. Worthley, using his pocket knife, to reveal layers of light and dark wood in the dead elm tree’s bark.
Lastly, American elms often have a classic vase-shaped canopy, with arching branches that ascend from a central trunk. This shape is a notable feature, especially in mature specimens. The leaves of the American elm are doubly serrated, meaning they have small teeth along both edges. This gives the leaves a finely toothed appearance, contributing to their identification.
Other Observations
Encountering various tree species and natural phenomena enriched our journey. Each of these observations contributed to the vibrant ecosystem of the McLean Game Refuge, highlighting the ecological intricacies and seasonal nuances present along our path. The exploration became not only a study of individual trees but also an immersion into the broader natural world, where every species and phenomenon played a role in the intricate web of the forest ecosystem.
Hornbeam
Hornbeam also known as ironwood, with its distinctive muscle-like bark, added to the diversity. Hornbeam wood, known for its dense and durable characteristics, finds excellent use in crafting mallets and other hand tools. Woodworkers often appreciate hornbeam for its ability to withstand heavy use, making it a favored choice for handles, mallet heads, and various wooden products where toughness is paramount.
Witch Hazel
Witch hazel buds are unique and notable for their explosive nature. Dr. Tom drew attention to these buds, explaining that they have a tendency to "pop" open, especially during late fall and winter. The buds are typically small, rounded, and covered in protective scales. When conditions are right, the pressure within the buds builds up, and they burst open, releasing the seeds. This distinctive characteristic of witch hazel buds adds to the tree's fascinating features. Witch hazel creates a burst of spidery yellow blooms that appear almost magically during the late fall, into the winter season (Oct-Dec), when most other trees are devoid of flowers.
Needle Ice
In addition, I observed long 1-2" ice striations known as "ice needles" or "needle ice." This phenomenon occurs when liquid water from the soil is drawn to the surface through capillary action during freezing conditions.
Needle ice is also part of the phenomena known as a frost heave. Frost heave refers to the upward swelling of soil and rocks caused by the freezing and expansion of water in the ground. This process can lead to the lifting or upheaval of structures, roads, and other surfaces during freezing conditions.
Here's how Needle Ice happens?
As the ground freezes, the moisture in the soil is drawn upward through capillary action. Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or against, external forces like gravity. The water is pushed out of the soil and freezes on the surface, forming long, needle-like structures. These needle ice structures grow vertically as more water is drawn to the surface and freezes. They can reach lengths of 1-2 inches or even longer. The expansion of freezing and re-freezing water, as it turns into ice, contributes to the force that pushes these needle-like formations upward.
Needle ice is a fascinating natural occurrence and is often observed in certain soil conditions and specific temperature ranges. It's a result of the intricate interplay between capillary forces, (re)freezing, and the unique properties of water.
This "Talkin’ Trees" session proved to be more than a meeting; it was an opportunity to delve deep into the intricate world of trees, guided by the wisdom of both nature and an experienced steward. As winter held the landscape in its icy embrace, our minds were warmed by the shared passion for these silent, steadfast giants of the forest.
Trails End
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